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\u258c<\/mark><\/strong><\/strong>\u7b80\u4ecb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5a01\u5229\u65af\u00b7\u54c8\u7ef4\u5170\u00b7\u5f00\u5229\uff08Willis Haviland Carrier\uff0c1876\u5e7411\u670826\u65e5\u20141950\u5e7410\u67087\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6770\u51fa\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u3001\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u7a7a\u8c03\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u8005\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u7a7a\u8c03\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u5b89\u54e5\u62c9\u6751\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u5eb7\u5948\u5c14\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u51ed\u501f\u5bf9\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0e\u6d41\u4f53\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6df1\u539a\u9020\u8be3\uff0c\u4e8e1902\u5e74\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u9996\u53f0\u73b0\u4ee3\u7a7a\u6c14\u8c03\u8282\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u51b7\u5374\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u4e86\u7a7a\u6c14\u73af\u5883\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5f00\u5229\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6b62\u6b65\u4e8e\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u66f4\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u7acb\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u521b\u529e\u4f01\u4e1a\u63a8\u5e7f\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5c06\u7a7a\u8c03\u4ece\u5de5\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u63a8\u5411\u5168\u7403\u5343\u5bb6\u4e07\u6237\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u751f\u4ea7\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u5efa\u7b51\u3001\u533b\u7597\u3001\u7535\u5b50\u3001\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0e\u5546\u4e1a\u8fdc\u89c1\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u521b\u7acb\u7684\u5f00\u5229\u516c\u53f8\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u662f\u5168\u7403\u6c14\u5019\u63a7\u5236\u8bbe\u5907\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9886\u519b\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e2d\u7b80\u540d<\/strong><\/td>\u5a01\u5229\u65af\u00b7\u5f00\u5229<\/td>\u56fd\u7c4d<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u7f8e\u56fd<\/td><\/tr>
\u82f1\u7b80\u540d<\/strong><\/td>Willis Carrier<\/td>\u804c\u4e1a<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\/\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\/\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6<\/td><\/tr>
\u4e2d\u6587\u540d<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u5a01\u5229\u65af\u00b7\u54c8\u7ef4\u5170\u00b7\u5f00\u5229<\/td>\u51fa\u751f\u65e5\u671f<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>1876\u5e7411\u670826\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
\u82f1\u6587\u540d<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>Willis Haviland Carrier<\/td>\u901d\u4e16\u65e5\u671f<\/strong><\/td>1950\u5e7410\u67087\u65e5<\/td><\/tr>
\u51fa\u751f\u5730<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde<\/td>\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5c31<\/strong><\/td>\u53d1\u660e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7a7a\u8c03\u7cfb\u7edf<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u258c<\/mark><\/strong><\/strong>\u4eba\u7269\u751f\u5e73<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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1901\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u5229\u52a0\u5165\u6c34\u725b\u57ce\u953b\u9020\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u52a0\u70ed\u5de5\u7a0b\u90e8\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6728\u6750\u5e72\u71e5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u4fbf\u5728\u7a7a\u6c14\u8c03\u8282\u9886\u57df\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u521b\u65b0\u5929\u8d4b\u30021902\u5e74\uff0c\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u6797\u7684\u8428\u514b\u7279-\u5a01\u5ec9\u65af\u5370\u5237\u5382\u9762\u4e34\u4e25\u5cfb\u56f0\u5883\uff1a\u590f\u5b63\u9ad8\u6e29\u9ad8\u6e7f\u5bfc\u81f4\u7eb8\u5f20\u81a8\u80c0\u3001\u6cb9\u58a8\u9644\u7740\u4e0d\u5747\uff0c\u5f69\u8272\u5370\u5237\u54c1\u5927\u91cf\u62a5\u5e9f\uff0c\u5de5\u5382\u6fd2\u4e34\u5012\u95ed\u3002\u516c\u53f8\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u201d\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e86\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u5f00\u5229\uff0c\u7ed9\u4ed6\u7684\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u52a0\u85aa\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u6536\u62fe\u4e1c\u897f\u79bb\u804c\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u521b\u4e1a\u6df1\u8015\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u666e\u53ca<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\uff08\u56db\uff09\u665a\u5e74\u575a\u5b88\u4e0e\u4f20\u5947\u843d\u5e55<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u590d\u82cf\u4e0e\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u8212\u9002\u751f\u6d3b\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u7a7a\u8c03\u8fdb\u5165\u5feb\u901f\u666e\u53ca\u671f\uff0c\u5f00\u5229\u516c\u53f8\u4e1a\u52a1\u8fc5\u901f\u6269\u5f20\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u63a7\u5236\u8bbe\u5907\u5236\u9020\u5546\u3002\u665a\u5e74\u7684\u5f00\u5229\u4ecd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6280\u672f\u4f18\u5316\u4e0e\u884c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u575a\u5b88\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u667a\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u5ff5\u6e90\u4e8e\u7ae5\u5e74\u6bcd\u4eb2\u7528\u82f9\u679c\u6559\u4ed6\u7406\u89e3\u5206\u6570\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u7ec8\u8eab\u53d7\u76ca\u30021950\u5e7410\u67087\u65e5\uff0c\u5a01\u5229\u65af\u00b7\u54c8\u7ef4\u5170\u00b7\u5f00\u5229\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5e02\u901d\u4e16\uff0c\u4eab\u5e7473\u5c81\uff0c\u5b89\u846c\u4e8e\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5dde\u6c34\u725b\u57ce\u7684\u68ee\u6797\u8349\u576a\u516c\u5893\u3002\u4ed6\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u4f1f\u5927\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f71\u54cd\u5168\u7403\u7684\u4ea7\u4e1a\u4e0e\u6539\u53d8\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u258c<\/mark><\/strong><\/strong>\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u5c31<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u53d1\u660e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7a7a\u8c03\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u7a7a\u6c14\u73af\u5883\u63a7\u5236\u9886\u57df<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f00\u5229\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6210\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e1902\u5e74\u8bbe\u8ba1\u51fa\u4e16\u754c\u9996\u53f0\u73b0\u4ee3\u7a7a\u8c03\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u51b7\u5374\u4ec5\u4f9d\u8d56\u901a\u98ce\u3001\u5236\u51b0\u7684\u5c40\u9650\uff0c\u9996\u6b21\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u7a7a\u6c14\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u6e7f\u5ea6\u3001\u6e05\u6d01\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5faa\u73af\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u673a\u68b0\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u51b7\u5374\u8bbe\u5907\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u91c7\u7528\u4f4e\u538b\u79bb\u5fc3\u5f0f\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u65e0\u6bd2\u51b7\u5374\u5242\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u70ed\u4ea4\u6362\u539f\u7406\u5b9e\u73b0\u7cbe\u51c6\u63a7\u6e29\u9664\u6e7f\uff0c\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u7a7a\u8c03\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u5de5\u7a0b\u57fa\u7840\u30021906\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u201c\u7a7a\u6c14\u5904\u7406\u88c5\u7f6e\u201d\u4e13\u5229\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u7a7a\u8c03\u7684\u6280\u672f\u96cf\u5f62\uff0c\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u88ab\u52a8\u9002\u5e94\u81ea\u7136\u73af\u5883\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u7b51\u7262\u884c\u4e1a\u53d1\u5c55\u6839\u57fa<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1911\u5e74\uff0c\u5f00\u5229\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5408\u7406\u7113\u6e7f\u5ea6\u516c\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u9610\u8ff0\u4e86\u7a7a\u6c14\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u6e7f\u5ea6\u3001\u7113\u503c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e3a\u7a7a\u8c03\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e0e\u4f18\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u662f\u7a7a\u8c03\u884c\u4e1a\u6240\u6709\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8ba9\u7a7a\u8c03\u6280\u672f\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u578b\u53d1\u660e\u4e0a\u5347\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u7a7a\u6c14\u8c03\u8282\u9886\u57df\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5316\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4ed6\u540e\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u4f18\u5316\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u7814\u53d1\u51fa\u79bb\u5fc3\u5f0f\u5236\u51b7\u673a\u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u7a7a\u8c03\u5927\u578b\u5316\u3001\u9ad8\u80fd\u8017\u3001\u9ad8\u6210\u672c\u7b49\u96be\u9898\uff0c\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u666e\u53ca\u626b\u6e05\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u63a8\u52a8\u7a7a\u8c03\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5316\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u5316\uff0c\u91cd\u5851\u4eba\u7c7b\u751f\u6d3b\u6a21\u5f0f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f00\u5229\u901a\u8fc7\u521b\u529e\u5f00\u5229\u5de5\u7a0b\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5c06\u7a7a\u8c03\u6280\u672f\u4ece\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u63a8\u5411\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7814\u53d1\u3001\u751f\u4ea7\u3001\u9500\u552e\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4ed6\u7387\u5148\u5f00\u62d3\u56fd\u9645\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u5728\u5168\u7403\u5efa\u7acb\u751f\u4ea7\u57fa\u5730\u4e0e\u9500\u552e\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u8ba9\u7a7a\u8c03\u4ece\u5de5\u4e1a\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u9010\u6b65\u8fdb\u5165\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u4eba\u53e3\u5206\u5e03\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u4e60\u60ef\u2014\u2014\u70ed\u5e26\u3001\u4e9a\u70ed\u5e26\u5730\u533a\u56e0\u7a7a\u8c03\u6210\u4e3a\u5b9c\u5c45\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u201c\u9633\u5149\u5e26\u201d\u8fce\u6765\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u79fb\u6c11\u6f6e\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7a7a\u8c03\u7684\u666e\u53ca\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u590f\u5b63\u5de5\u4e1a\u4ea7\u91cf\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u8ba9\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7535\u5b50\u5236\u9020\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u533b\u5b66\u624b\u672f\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fd0\u884c\u7b49\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u8981\u6c42\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u9886\u57df\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u95f4\u63a5\u652f\u6491\u4e86\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u3001\u4e92\u8054\u7f51\u7b49\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff08\u56db\uff09\u52a9\u529b\u519b\u5de5\u4e0e\u9ad8\u79d1\u6280\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8d21\u732e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6218\u7565\u9700\u6c42<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5f00\u5229\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u76df\u519b\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5b9a\u5236\u5316\u7a7a\u8c03\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5176\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6c14\u5019\u63a7\u5236\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e3a\u98de\u673a\u9ad8\u7a7a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3001\u519b\u5de5\u4ea7\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7a33\u5b9a\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u9646\u519b\u548c\u6d77\u519b\u201cE\u201d\u7ea7\u52cb\u7ae0\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5f00\u5229\u7684\u7a7a\u8c03\u6280\u672f\u4e3a\u540e\u7eed\u592a\u7a7a\u63a2\u7d22\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u6717\u7b49\u5b87\u822a\u5458\u767b\u6708\u65f6\u7a7f\u7740\u7684\u5e26\u51b7\u5374\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5b87\u822a\u670d\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u539f\u7406\u4fbf\u6e90\u4e8e\u5f00\u5229\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u8c03\u8282\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u63a2\u7d22\u5b87\u5b99\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u4fdd\u969c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u258c<\/mark><\/strong><\/strong>\u8363\u8a89\u8868\u5f70<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.1934\u5e74\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08ASME\uff09\u5956\u7ae0\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u673a\u68b0\u5de5\u7a0b\u9886\u57df\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8363\u8a89\uff0c\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u5728\u7a7a\u6c14\u8c03\u8282\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5f00\u521b\u6027\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.1935\u5e74\u30011942\u5e74\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u88ab\u5229\u54c8\u4f0a\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u5927\u5b66\u6388\u4e88\u8363\u8a89\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\uff0c\u8ba4\u53ef\u4ed6\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u4ea7\u4e1a\u63a8\u5e7f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5353\u8d8a\u6210\u5c31\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.1941\u5e74\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u5f17\u5170\u514b\u00b7\u5e03\u6717\u5956\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5236\u51b7\u4e0e\u7a7a\u8c03\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u9769\u547d\u6027\u63a8\u52a8\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.1985\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u5217\u5165\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u540d\u4eba\u5802\uff0c\u5f70\u663e\u5176\u53d1\u660e\u6210\u679c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.1998\u5e74\uff0c\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u65f6\u4ee3\u5468\u520a\u300b\u8bc4\u9009\u4e3a\u201c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684100\u4eba\u201d\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u5165\u9009\u7684\u7a7a\u8c03\u9886\u57df\u53d1\u660e\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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